Valuation work should show its assumptions before it shows its output

Normalized free cash flow, estimated shares, discount rate, explicit growth path, terminal growth, cash, and debt.

TickerVal projects free cash flow through an explicit forecast window, discounts each year back to today, adds a terminal value, then adjusts for net cash or net debt before dividing by shares.

Best for non-financial companies with positive, reasonably repeatable cash generation.

Weak when free cash flow is deeply cyclical, temporarily negative, or dominated by one-time working-capital movement.

Net income, depreciation and amortization, capital expenditure, shares, and balance-sheet adjustments where available.

The model approximates owner cash flow as net income plus depreciation and amortization minus capital expenditure, then converts that cash-flow proxy into a per-share reference.

Useful when accounting earnings are stable but reported free cash flow needs a maintenance-capex lens.

It is less useful when capex is lumpy, acquisition-driven, or structurally ahead of future revenue.

Current price, normalized base free cash flow, shares, discount rate, terminal growth, and the same cash/debt adjustment used by DCF.

Instead of estimating value from growth, Reverse DCF solves the annual FCF growth rate that would make the DCF value equal the current market price.

Best for turning price into a testable expectations question: what growth path is already embedded here?

It is not a standalone fair-value answer; the output depends heavily on the selected base FCF, WACC, and terminal growth.

Normalized operating income or NOPAT, tax assumption, WACC, cash, debt, and shares.

Earnings Power Value capitalizes normalized after-tax operating profit at the discount rate, then adjusts enterprise value back to equity value per share.

Useful for mature companies where current earning power matters more than aggressive growth assumptions.

Less useful for early-stage, turnaround, or margin-inflecting companies where current profit understates or overstates future power.

Positive EPS, book value per share, and share-count consistency.

The Graham Number combines earnings and book value using sqrt(22.5 x EPS x book value per share) as a conservative balance between profitability and asset backing.

More relevant for profitable, asset-backed businesses than for asset-light compounders.

It breaks down when EPS or equity is negative and can understate businesses whose value is mostly intangible.

Current assets, total liabilities, shares, and clean balance-sheet classification.

Net-net value subtracts total liabilities from current assets and divides the remaining liquidation-style reference by shares.

Mostly useful for balance-sheet-heavy or distressed screening, not for normal growth valuation.

It ignores franchise value, future earning power, and the real recoverability of listed assets.

Recent dividend per share, dividend growth assumption, discount rate, and payout stability.

The dividend discount model capitalizes expected next-period dividend using the spread between discount rate and dividend growth.

Best for mature dividend payers with stable payout policy.

Not meaningful for companies that do not pay dividends or use buybacks as the primary return channel.

P/E ratio, EPS growth, positive earnings, and a growth window that is not distorted by one-time items.

PEG divides the earnings multiple by EPS growth to check whether the price paid for earnings is aligned with reported growth.

Useful as a quick growth-multiple cross-check for profitable companies.

Fragile when earnings are cyclical, negative, or temporarily boosted by margin swings.

Market capitalization, debt, cash, EBITDA or operating-profit proxy, and latest price.

Enterprise value is market cap plus debt minus cash. EV/EBITDA divides that enterprise value by EBITDA to compare operating value before financing structure.

Useful for comparing companies with different debt levels, tax rates, or depreciation profiles.

Can mislead when EBITDA ignores heavy maintenance capex or when leases/debt classification changes comparability.

Latest price, free cash flow, estimated shares, and free-cash-flow quality checks.

P/FCF divides price by free cash flow per share. The reciprocal is free-cash-flow yield.

Useful when cash conversion is central to the equity story.

Weak when FCF is temporarily inflated by working capital, asset sales, or delayed investment.

Latest price, shareholder equity, shares, and any data-quality flags around book value.

P/B divides price by book value per share to compare market value with accounting equity.

More relevant for financials, asset-heavy businesses, and balance-sheet-driven analysis.

Less useful for asset-light businesses where accounting equity does not capture intangible value.

Latest price, revenue, estimated shares, and gross-margin or profitability context.

P/S divides price by revenue per share. It shows what the market pays for each dollar of sales before margins.

Useful when earnings are temporarily depressed but revenue scale and margin path still matter.

It ignores profitability, cash conversion, dilution, and the cost of reaching those sales.

Comparable company set, normalized multiples, sector tags, growth, margin, leverage, and data coverage.

The peer slot is reserved for normalized comparisons that put one company beside similar businesses on matching multiples and assumptions.

Useful once the peer group is curated and differences in growth, margins, and leverage are visible.

A poor peer set can create false precision, so TickerVal treats this as a guarded comparison lens.